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The article presents an analysis of the impact of faults in modern fuel injection systems on the emission characteristics of toxic compounds in a compression-ignition (CI) engine. The aim of the study was to determine how injector malfunctions—manifested by increased injection quantities and intensified leakage—affect operating parameters and the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere. The issue of pollutant emissions from CI engines is a critical area of research in light of increasingly stringent environmental regulations. Despite ongoing advancements in fuel injection systems, there is a lack of systematic analyses concerning the degradation of their parameters under real operating conditions. The study was conducted on a four-cylinder Fiat 1.3 JTD engine equipped with a Common Rail system, operating alternately with functional and faulty injectors. Measurements included the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter (soot), as well as selected combustion parameters. The analysis enabled the identification of combustion process changes and the influence of injection system degradation on the engine’s environmental performance. The results may represent a significant contribution to the development of operational diagnostics for modern power units.