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Given the increasingly stringent environmental requirements and global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, identifying design factors of drive units that directly affect fuel efficiency and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions is becoming increasingly important. The subject of this study is to analyze the impact of selected technical parameters of combustion engines – in particular displacement, number of cylinders, type of transmission and type of fuel – on fuel consumption indicators in urban, extra-urban and mixed conditions, as well as on the value of CO₂ emissions. The research used a set of operational data covering selected models of passenger cars on the market. The statistical analysis performed allowed for the identification of significant relationships between the design of the drive system and its impact on the environment. The research results may constitute a significant contribution to the development of prognostic tools supporting the design of new generation engines, as well as supporting the decision-making process or improving the formulation of strategies for the development of low-emission transport technologies in a sustainable manner.