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In the context of the European Union’s goal to achieve climate neutrality by 2050, the real-world assessment of vehicle exhaust emissions has become a crucial issue. The presented study focuses on the analysis of exhaust emissions and energy consumption of passenger cars with different powertrains (conventional, hybrid, and electric) under real-world driving conditions, following the RDE (Real Driving Emissions) procedure. The research was conducted in three stages: evaluation of emissions and energy consumption, determination of the minimum and maximum achievable emission values in on-road tests, and assessment of the impact of test route length on the results. Particular attention was given to plug-in hybrid vehicles, for which a novel method of emission categorization was proposed. The results highlight the significant influence of test conditions (route length, cold start phase) on the emission levels of harmful compounds. This analysis provides a better understanding of vehicle behavior in real traffic and supports the development of more effective emission testing procedures for the future.