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Among the projects aimed at increasing the efficiency of rail transport, an important role is played by actions aimed at reducing the costs of using and maintaining traction vehicles. Additionally, a significant challenge resulting from the climate policy of the European Union is to meet the applicable emission standards for harmful components contained in exhaust gases, especially CO2. One of the methods of reducing the operating costs of high-power diesel locomotives, and especially the costs of fuel consumption, is the use of a drive system with two engines. The paper presents the characteristics of selected designs of multi-engine locomotives used in Poland and around the world and assesses the efficiency of a high-power six-axle locomotive in two variants of the drive system configuration: single- and double-engine using a main engine with a power of 3000 kW and an auxiliary engine with a power of 400 kW. The comparative analysis took into account: the costs of maintaining the drive system, fuel consumption costs, AdBlue consumption costs and environmental costs. The analyses carried out showed that the double-engine variant ensures compliance with the exhaust emission requirements according to the Stage V standard as well as optimal adaptation of the locomotive to operation with a significant share of idle time.